Animals are usually infected with the disease shortly after birth. While some of these animals may never display symptoms, others progress through to clinical stages of the disease, experiencing diarrhoea and wasting, leading to increasing emaciation and eventually death from dehydration and severe malnutrition. Once infected an animal sheds the organism in their faeces, infecting pastures and waterways or passes the infection in utero or via milk to offspring.

DISEASE FACTS
Infection with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) bacteria causes Johne’s disease (also known as Paratuberculosis) in ruminant animals. The disease is spread by exposure to the bacteria.

• MAP is widespread throughout the environment in many countries including
  New Zealand. The bacteria are robust and can survive for up to 18 months in the environment.
• Johne’s disease is the autoimmune reaction that develops in response to the MAP infection. The intestinal wall of the animal thickens as the immune system attempts to seal off the invading bacteria that it cannot eliminate, resulting in the animal's decreased ability to absorb nutrients from the diet.
• An animal may be infected with MAP (defined as “sub-clinical”) but not display any symptoms of Johne’s disease (“clinical”)
• While animals are typically infected at birth, the onset of clinical disease is not immediate. In deer, clinical symptoms are normally seen in yearlings and weaners, whereas for sheep and cattle the animals are normally between 2 and 6 years of age.
• Stressful situations can trigger clinical disease in infected animals.
• Clinical symptoms of Johne’s disease include wasting and chronic diarrhoea which lead to increasing emaciation and eventually death from dehydration and severe malnutrition.
• There is currently no recognised treatment for the disease and diagnosis, particularly in sub-clinical animals, is difficult.
• Infected animals shed bacteria in their faeces, contaminating the environment. In later stages of the disease a “super shedder” can release up to 10 million bacteria (CFU) per gram of faeces.
• Intra-uterine transmission of MAP has been described from both clinically and sub-clinically affected cattle1, sheep and deer2,3.
• Vaccination can be used as a control method for the disease, however mineral oil-based vaccines currently in practice have limited efficacy, produce strong antibody responses that confound serological diagnostic testing and cause severe injection site reactions4.